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18th World Congress of Soil Science
July 9-15, 2006 - Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA |
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Lászlo Tolner1, Mark Rékási2, Imre Vágó3, Peter Czanik4, György Zsigrai5, and Zoltán Kovács1.
(1) Szent István Univ, Dept of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry,
Páter Károly u. 1, Gödöllő, 2100, Hungary, (2) Research Institute for
Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Hermann Otto 15., Budapest,
Hungary, (3) Univ of Debrecen, Dept of Agricultural Chemistry,
Böszörményi út 138., Debrecen, Hungary, (4) Szent Istvan Univ, Páter K.
1., Gödöllő, Hungary, (5) Univ of Debrecen Research Institute Karcag,
Kisújszállási út 166., Karcag, Hungary
A measurement system has been
built for the examination of soil acidity and estimation of soil lime
requirement. This is based on active feedback to a computer that keeps
the soil suspension pH at a constant value by base addition. Titration
at a given pH level was achieved with an equipment, a PC and a software
combination built for this purpose. The pH of continuously stirred soil
suspension is regularly measured with a pH-selective electrode that is
connected to a computer. The software on the computer compares the
incoming pH values in preset time intervals with a predefined pH limit
value. If the measured pH value is lower than the limit pH value, the
computer sends a signal to an automatic burette, which adds 0.0025 ml
of basic solution to the soil suspension. After each lapse of the time
interval the software saves the time, pH and added quantity data on the
disk. Saved data are evaluated automatically using nonlinear regression
analysis. Average time of measurements was 8 hours. The volume of added
base solution grows almost like an exponential associate function
(Czinkota et al. 2002). Soil acidity and lime requirement are
calculated from the base consumption values. The aim was to find the
best titration settings for measurement of soil acidity and based on
this an exact lime requirement calculation. The following titration
settings were applied: - suspension: 1:40 soil/1 M KCl solution; added
base: 0.1 M NaOH or KOH; target pH: 8.2; soil suspension is in
connection with air or closed in N2 atmosphere. - suspension: 1:40 soil/0.01 M CaCl2
solution; added base: 0.1 M NaOH or KOH; target pH: 6.5; soil
suspension is in connection with air. The pH 8.2 was chosen because
this is the pH around the dissolving lime particles in soil and this is
the pH of the extractant that is used for the measurement of hydrolytic
acidity (Kappen, 1929), which is the basis of lime requirement
calculations in Hungary and some other countries. The pH 6.5 is the
practical target value of liming on field. Application of N2 atmosphere can exclude the effect of dissolving CO2,
which increases the amount of added base solution. Salt solutions were
used for keeping constant ionic strength. The 1 M KCl is widely
accepted as a conductor salt for solution pH measurement, or as a
cation exchanger in case of soils. The 0.01 M CaCl2 is an
extractant solution for measurement of plant available cations,
suggested by Houba et al. The results of the experiment can be
summarized as follows: Comparing the results of the titrations carried
out in air and N2 atmosphere, one can state that the CO2 from air dissolving into the suspension causes great error. The sum of the titrated acidity was 1.5 times higher without N2
than with it. The error manifests mostly in case of slower process.
Thus, titration with NaOH at this pH gives exact results only in N2
atmosphere. Titrations to pH 6.5 required half as much alkali as
titrations to pH 8.2. The base consumption of slower process decreased
in higher proportion than the faster process. At pH 6.5 the dissolving
CO2 caused less error than at higher pH. This error can be corrected by the base consumption of a control titration of a CaCl2
solution without soil. The base consumption depends on the
concentration and quality (K or Ca) of background solution of the
suspension. For lime requirement calculations the base consumption of
titration to pH 6.5 is assumed to be suitable. The additional alkali
consumption (compared to titration to pH 6.5) of titration to pH 8.2
may result an unnecessary lime overdose. After all the most adequate
settings will be chosen in the knowledge of plant tests. The acidity
and relevant lime requirement values will be tested in field trials in
the future.